Differences Between Open Pit and Underground Mining

Worksafe Indonesia :

Understanding the Differences Between Open Pit and Underground Mining: Structure, Risks, and OHS Challenges

“Mining is not just about extracting resources – it’s about understanding the method and managing the risk.”

In the mining industry, there are two primary methods of mineral extraction: open pit mining and underground mining. Each method comes with its own advantages, technical challenges, and occupational health and safety (OHS) risks.

This article provides a concise comparison between open pit and underground mining, focusing on operational and safety aspects.

🔍 1. Quick Definitions

• Open Pit Mining
  This method involves removing surface layers to create a large open excavation or pit to access minerals. Best suited for shallow and widespread deposits.

• Underground Mining
  This method accesses mineral deposits located deep beneath the surface by creating tunnels or shafts.

📊 2. Technical Comparison

Aspect Open Pit Mining Underground Mining Economic Depth Up to ±500 meters More than 1,000 meters Access Haul roads, ramps Shafts, declines, underground tunnels Initial Cost Lower Higher (complex infrastructure) Geotechnical Control Relatively easier More complex and high-risk Environmental Impact Large (landscape alteration) Smaller surface footprint Daily Production Large volumes Limited volume

⚠️ 3. OHS Risks and Hazards

💥 Open Pit Mining:

• Slope failure or landslides

• Hauling vehicle accidents

• Dust exposure and sun radiation

• Collisions between heavy equipment

🔦 Underground Mining:

• Tunnel or roof collapses

• Poor ventilation → toxic gas (CO, CH₄)

• Gas explosions

• Difficult emergency evacuation

• Low lighting & spatial disorientation

✅ 4. Effective OHS Management

Open Pit:

• Safe slope design and continuous monitoring

• Operator training & defensive driving programs

• Dust and extreme weather control

Underground:

• Active ventilation & automated gas monitoring

• Underground communication systems

• Evacuation procedures and fire drills

• Structural reinforcement (rock bolts & shotcrete)

🛠️ 5. Supporting Technologies

• Slope stability radar (open pit)

• Ventilation on demand (underground)

• Real-time worker positioning systems

• Inspection drones and robotic tools

💬 Conclusion

Both open pit and underground mining come with unique challenges, requiring tailored safety approaches based on geology and technical conditions.

As your safety partner, Worksafe Indonesia is ready to support OHS implementation across all types of mines, from operator training to safety monitoring systems.

Worksafe Indonesia – Keep Safe, Be Safe !!
Your solution for training, safety signage, mine inspection, and building a strong OHS culture.

📧 septianindra@worksafeindonesia.com
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